परिचय

          cfhsf] o"u ;'rgf, k|ljlw / ;~rf/sf] xf] . hlt o;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] Toltg} AolQm, ;dfh, /fi6« / ;+;f/sf] x/]s  If]q cufl8 a9\g]df b'lawf 5}g . o;} s'/fnfO{ dgg\ ul/ k'j{ d]lr b]lv klZrd dxfsfln ;Ddsf ;+rf/ If]qdf nfdf] ;do cg'ej k|fKt JolQmx?sf] ;xsfo{df “b]zsf nflu xfd|f] cfjfhÆ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy sf7df08fFF}} lhNnfsf] sf7dfG8f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+  #! Affuahf/ l:yt o; cg Po/ ldl8ofnfO sfo{qmd, la1fkg pTkfbg  u[xsf ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5.

  xfdLn] o; cg Po/ ldl8ofaf6 sfo{qmd pTkfbg ul/ u'0f:tl/o, ;/n / ;"ne tl/sfn] b]z}el/ k'/fpgsf nflu s'g}} s;/ afFls /fv]sf 5}gf}F .  ;Dejt of] pTkfbg u[x g]kfns} klxnf] cTofw'lgs  l8lh6n k|lalwdf cfwfl/t :6'l8of]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] s'/f uf}/asf ;fy eGg ;lsG5 . csf]{ tkm{ ;fd'bflos  / Aoa;flos /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnfO{ kIfkft gul/ ;]jfsf ?kdf g]kfnsf ;Dk'0f{ ;+:yfnfO cufl8 a9fpg kxn ug]{ of] klxnf] ;+:yf xf] . xfnnfO{ g]kfnsf s]lx Pkm= Pd= / 6]lnlehgdf dfq o;af6 pTkflbt u'0f:tl/o sfo{qmd / lj1fkg k7fO /x]sf]df, lgs6 eljiodf g} o; ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt sfo{qmd tyf la1fkg b]z}el/sf Pkm= Pd= 6]lnlehg nfO k''[¥ofO{ gf}nf] / :tl/o ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lasfz ug{ xfdL nflu k/]sf 5f}+ .

p4]Zo

        o; cg Po/ ldl8ofsf] d'Vo p4]Zo eg]sf] k'j{ d]lr b]lv klZrd  dxfsfln ;Dd  ;Dk'0f{  Pkm. Pd. tyf 6]lnlehg nfO{ u'0f:tl/o agfpg Pp6f goFf O§f yKg' g} xf] . xfdf|] g]kfn /fd+|f] g]kfn agfpg l;k,snf,unf / dLx]glt AolQmnfO{ /f]hufl/sf] 9f]sf p3fg{' g} xf] . ;fy} of] If]qdf cfpg rfxgf /fVg] hfu?s AolQmnfO{ u'0f:tl/o 1fg l;k k|bfg ul/ u'0f:tl/o sfo{qmd / la1fkg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzQmL lgdf{0f ug{' klg o; ;+:yfsf] d'n sfo{qmd cGt{ut kb{5 . snf ;+:s[ltdf lalawtf ePsf] xfd|f] b]zsf] snf ;+:s[ltnfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ laleGg 8s'd]G6«L, lkmNd, 6]lnlkmNd, laleGg efiffefifLsf uLt ;+uLt pTkfbg ug{' klg o; ;+:yfsf] sfo{ xf] . xfd|f k|lalw k|To]s ufpdf cfj:os x'g ;S5 eg] k|To]s lhNnfdf 1fg / l;k k'¥ofpg' klg xfd|f] p4]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt sfo{qmdn] b]zsf laleGg If]qsf hgtfnfO r]tgzLn agfpg], pgLx?sf] jsfnt ul/ ;+/If0f ug{], Aofkf/ Aoa;fo a9fpg] / pBf]u wGbf km:6fpg ;xof]u ug{] 5 . h;n] ul/aL Go"lgs/0f ug{ / dflg;nfO cfly{s , dfgl;s ,;f+:s[lts :t/ a9fpg d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 . 1fg, ;'rgf / dgf]/G~hg klg vf]hd'ns / /f]rsk'0f{ tl/sfaf6 pTkfbg PjDf\ k|zf/0f ul/ 5'§} k|sf/sf] ;'vL / v'l; lhjg k|fKt ug{ x/]s hgtfnfO d2t ug]{ pb]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf pBf]uwGbf tyf snsf/vfgfaf6 pTkflbt a:t'x?nfO /fi6«Lo :t/af6 g} hgdfg;df kl/lrt u/fpg] :yflgo :t/sf] ;+:s[lt,efiff 1fgnfO ToxFfsf] ;Df:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfonfO /fli6«o :t/af6} b]z}el/ k'/fpg] xfd|f] pb]Zo    /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{qmd lglt

Ø cfjfh lalxgx?sf] cfjfhnfO{ laB'lto ;+rf/ dfWod dfkm{t ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dd k'/fpg] .

Ø ;fd'bflos lasf; k|of;df laB'lto ;+rf/ dfkm{t ;sf/fTds ;xhstf{sf] e'ldsf lgaf{x ug{]  .

Ø ;fd"bflos  ultlawLnfO{  laB'lto ;+rf/ dfWod dfkm{t  

   k|rf/ — k|;f/  ug{] .

Ø k5fl8 k/]sf ju{,;d"bfo tyf laleGg txsf dflg;x?nfO ;r]t,;hu / hfu?s agfO{ ;fd"bfoLs lasf;sf lglDt ;xefuL u/fpg kxn ug{].

Ø ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf tyf >dlasf; / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf                  ;r]tssf] ?kdf e'ldsf lgaf{x ug{

Ø ;fdflhs ;dfa]l;s/0f / clwsf/d'lv lasf; k4ltsf nflu laB'lto ;+rf/ dfWodsf tkm{af6 hgjsfntsf] sfo{ ug{] .

Ø g]kfnL hgtfsf cfwf/e"t Pjd\ df}lns xs xLtsf] ;+/If0f / ;+DaWf{gsf lglDt hfthfltsf efiff ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fx?sf] vf]lh ul/ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .